berta, the number 2 British Columbia, the number 3 Manitoba, the number 4 New Brunswick, the number 5 Newfoundland and Labrador, the number 6 Northwest Territories, the number 7 Nova Scotia, the number 8 Nunavut, the number 9 Ontario, the number 10 Prince Edward Island, the number 11 Quebec, then number 12 Saskatchewan, and the number 13 Yukon.The y-axis is labelled also with numbers that represent Canadian political parties: 1 is the Liberal Party, 2 is the Conservative Party, 3 is the New Democratic Party, 4 is the Bloc Quebecois, 5 is the Green Party, 6 is another party, and 7 is for those who don’t know how to answer the question or prefer not to. Additionally, the graph is divided into four panels.

Similarly to the x and y variables, the title on each panel is a number that represents a word. The first panel, with the header 1, represents the male population, the second panel, the female population, the third panel, non-binary people, and the fourth panel, people who identify as other. In the first and second panels, we see that most points are covered, with the majority of both male and female respondents agreeing with the range of political parties in Canada, with males having a slightly higher voter turnout rate than females. Interesting enough, the Bloc Quebecois party only receives votes from citizens who live in Quebec in all four gender groups. This can tell us that the issues presented by the Bloc Quebecois only reach Quebecois in their decisions on who to vote for. Furthermore, minority groups are less likely to vote in all panels.The most popular political parties to vote for throughout Canada are the Liberals, Conservatives, and NDP. This makes sense because they are usually the biggest contenders for federal elections. In male and female, both points for point 7 on the y axis, “don’t know or prefer not to answer” for political parties, raise the question that maybe many Canadians are not confident in their political parties, which is why we are seeing lower voter turnout rates in recent years. Non-binary people and people who identify as others have a significant decrease in points for their alignment with voting. Non-binary people do vote more than others; however, the ones that do vote come from more liberal areas. We also see the provinces in the Atlantic region for all panels decrease in relation to the political party to vote for. mostly with the non-binary and other groups in those regions. They may feel a disconnect with federal political parties aligned with their issues; even popular parties like the Liberals and Conservatives are not reaching the Atlantic region’s voters.

Reference: Historical Voter Turnout in Canadian Federal Elections - 1867-2011. (2011). Www.sfu.ca. https://www.sfu.ca/~aheard/elections/historical-turnout.html

Voting is the easiest way a citizen can actively participate and bring about change in their local and federal governments through the choice of their legal and political representatives.

The question of why voter turnout has dropped in recent years to 44.5% in 2021, from the average of 61.4% yearly in 2011 (Historical Voter Turnout in Canadian Federal Elections - 1867-2011, 2011).This analysis will explore why potential voters vote or not by looking at the 2021 Canadian National Election Study data set.

This data is collected through a nationally representative sample done by online public opinion survey. Questionnaires are asked a series of questions relating to voter choice and their political opinion. The goal of data collection is to ensure accuracy by identifying ineligible participants and duplicate responses in the survey by examining IP addresses, year of birth, gender, education, and other information.

The survey consists of two parts: a campaign period survey and a post-election survey. Overall, there are 20968 individuals (who might not have participated in each survey) and there are 1062 variables.

To begin, we are not investigating why voter turnout is low in Canada; rather, we are exploring why certain groups of Canadians have higher or lower voter turnout. In our voter turnout investigation, we created three graphs: one on who voters voted for, another on voters’ education level and how it affects their support for either the Liberal or Conservative parties.We look towards the Conservative and Liberal parties of Canada, as they have been the front runners in all aspects of government. Over the last few decades, Conservatives and Liberals from either group have won the majority of votes in the House of Commons, eventually becoming our primary federal group. Our last graph is looking at gender and whether there is a group difference in voter participation. To be more in depth, does one gender group have a certain preference in voting or not, and how does their region affect their choice in politics and the outcome of voter turnout?

-have not used filter, grou by, summarizier

## # A tibble: 20,968 × 3
##    cps21_genderid cps21_votechoice cps21_province
##    <chr>                     <dbl> <dbl+lbl>     
##  1 Male                          1 1 [Alberta]   
##  2 Male                          1 1 [Alberta]   
##  3 Male                          1 1 [Alberta]   
##  4 Male                          1 1 [Alberta]   
##  5 Male                          1 1 [Alberta]   
##  6 Male                          1 1 [Alberta]   
##  7 Male                          1 1 [Alberta]   
##  8 Male                          1 1 [Alberta]   
##  9 Male                          1 1 [Alberta]   
## 10 Male                          1 1 [Alberta]   
## # … with 20,958 more rows
## # A tibble: 6 × 3
##   cps21_genderid cps21_votechoice cps21_province       
##            <dbl>            <dbl> <dbl+lbl>            
## 1              1               NA 11 [Quebec]          
## 2              2                3  2 [British Columbia]
## 3              2                7  2 [British Columbia]
## 4              2               NA  9 [Ontario]         
## 5              2                3 11 [Quebec]          
## 6              2                4 11 [Quebec]
## Don't know how to automatically pick scale for object of type haven_labelled/vctrs_vctr/double. Defaulting to continuous.
## Don't know how to automatically pick scale for object of type haven_labelled/vctrs_vctr/double. Defaulting to continuous.

The third graph is presented with the x variable being the Canadian provinces and territories in numerical order. The number 1 on the x-axis represents: Alberta, the number 2 British Columbia, the number 3 Manitoba, the number 4 New Brunswick, the number 5 Newfoundland and Labrador, the number 6 Northwest Territories, the number 7 Nova Scotia, the number 8 Nunavut, the number 9 Ontario, the number 10 Prince Edward Island, the number 11 Quebec, then number 12 Saskatchewan, and the number 13 Yukon.The y-axis is labelled also with numbers that represent Canadian political parties: 1 is the Liberal Party, 2 is the Conservative Party, 3 is the New Democratic Party, 4 is the Bloc Quebecois, 5 is the Green Party, 6 is another party, and 7 is for those who don’t know how to answer the question or prefer not to. Additionally, the graph is divided into four panels.

Similarly to the x and y variables, the title on each panel is a number that represents a word. The first panel, with the header 1, represents the male population, the second panel, the female population, the third panel, non-binary people, and the fourth panel, people who identify as other. In the first and second panels, we see that most points are covered, with the majority of both male and female respondents agreeing with the range of political parties in Canada, with males having a slightly higher voter turnout rate than females. Interesting enough, the Bloc Quebecois party only receives votes from citizens who live in Quebec in all four gender groups. This can tell us that the issues presented by the Bloc Quebecois only reach Quebecois in their decisions on who to vote for. Furthermore, minority groups are less likely to vote in all panels.The most popular political parties to vote for throughout Canada are the Liberals, Conservatives, and NDP. This makes sense because they are usually the biggest contenders for federal elections. In male and female, both points for point 7 on the y axis, “don’t know or prefer not to answer” for political parties, raise the question that maybe many Canadians are not confident in their political parties, which is why we are seeing lower voter turnout rates in recent years. Non-binary people and people who identify as others have a significant decrease in points for their alignment with voting. Non-binary people do vote more than others; however, the ones that do vote come from more liberal areas. We also see the provinces in the Atlantic region for all panels decrease in relation to the political party to vote for. mostly with the non-binary and other groups in those regions. They may feel a disconnect with federal political parties aligned with their issues; even popular parties like the Liberals and Conservatives are not reaching the Atlantic region’s voters.

Reference: Historical Voter Turnout in Canadian Federal Elections - 1867-2011. (2011). Www.sfu.ca. https://www.sfu.ca/~aheard/elections/historical-turnout.html